windows 8.1 - Did my NVIDIA card permanently break by itself? Or can I fix it?

I believe this occurred after an Intel HD Graphics driver update, but I'm not sure.

However, I noticed a few days ago that my NVIDIA graphics card wasn't working. I tried doing everything I could: I uninstalled and reinstalled probably 10 different old and new drivers from different sources (NVIDIA, WHQL, Lenovo), tried the "clean install" option, etc. and none of them fixed the problem -- Device Manager simply says

Windows has stopped this device because it has reported problems. (Code 43)

and during installation and boot, the system freezes for 30 seconds to a minute or two.

I tried booting into another copy of Windows, and sure enough, same problem there, even though it used to be working fine. I even tried booting into Linux and then told the NVIDIA X Server control panel to use NVIDIA graphics, and it subsequently froze.

So basically, my GPU is permanently(?) broken as of this week, and I don't understand how. I was using my computer normally and hadn't done anything risky at all (no overclocking, no BIOS changes, no disassembly, etc.) so I'm confused what could have happened.

What could have possibly happened? And is there any way to fix it?

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